Kevin Montgomery

Proportional representation became a topic of discussion again during the recent federal election in Canada, and provincial election on Ontario.

Fair Vote Canada describes proportional representation as:

“…a principle that says the percentage of seats a party has in the legislature should reflect the percentage of people who voted for that party. If a party gets 40% of the vote, they should get 40% of the seats.”

https://www.fairvote.ca/what-is-proportional-representation/

13 years ago, I wrote a post regarding electoral reform — specifically proportional representation — but using the same style of single-winner ballot that we use in Canada today. The rationale, at the time, was that we’re able to assess popular vote using our existing ballot, even if not perfectly. So why not use it?

I had written that post during early days of my understanding of electoral reform and proportional representation. I knew at that time, in principle, it was an adjustment in how an election count is interpreted so that the final result better reflects the actual will of the people. I didn’t yet realize and appreciate that there are many different flavours of it.

Those flavours matter.

In December of 2016, a Standing Committee on Electoral Reform released a report called “STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN CANADA: PRINCIPLES, PROCESS AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT FOR ELECTORAL REFORM“. The report made 13 recommendations. Number 12 was that:

• The Government hold a referendum, in which the current system is on the ballot;
• That the referendum propose a proportional electoral system that achieves a Gallagher Index score of 5 or less; and
• That the Government complete the design of the alternate electoral system that is proposed on the referendum ballot prior to the start of the referendum campaign period.

The Gallagher Index measures the difference between the percentage of votes each party gets and the percentage of seats each party gets in the resulting legislature.

The Standing Committee report recommended a proportional system. However, they did not arrive at a recommendation on any specific system. For that reason, the work of the all-party committee was rebuked then Minister of Democratic Reform Maryam Monsef. It was later reported that the government reneged on their "...promise to implement electoral reform after momentum steered away from a ranked ballot option" -- which was apparently their preference, even though it didn't necessarily perform as well on the Gallagher Index as other voting systems.

But let’s take a moment to reflect on the original purpose of the Standing Committee, and consider how some of the learnings that informed the report could guide design decisions on specific voting systems.

• The Committee was appointed to identify and conduct a study of viable alternate voting systems to replace the first-past-the-post system
• First-past-the-post is efficient and simple for both voters and election administrators: No other options are viewed as being as simple as the present system, the current system is relatively simple and easy to understand. As well, the ballot counting process is relatively straightforward.
• 72.5% of respondents either strongly agreed or agreed with the statement that “Canada’s electoral system should ensure that voters elect local candidates to represent them in Parliament”
• 71.5% of respondents either strongly agreed or agreed with the statement “Canada’s electoral system should ensure that the number of seats held by a party in Parliament reflects the proportion of votes it received across the country”
• A majority of respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that “Voters should determine which candidates get elected from a party’s list and the seats in the House of Commons should be allocated based on the percentage of votes obtained by each political party”
• A majority of respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that “Canada’s electoral system should produce a proportional Parliament (where seats roughly match the parties’ vote share) through the direct election of local representatives in multi-member electoral districts”
• The primary perceived shortcoming of highly proportional electoral systems is the diminution of local representation.
• The Gallagher Index was mentioned in the report to assess disproportionality. But there are several branches of social choice and voting theory axioms that could be used to measure the effectiveness of a voting system, and the challenges they could run into.

Additionally, the Committee had established 5 guiding principles that are useful to consider:

1. Effectiveness and legitimacy: that the proposed measure would increase public confidence among Canadians that their democratic will, as expressed by their votes, will be fairly translated and that the proposed measure reduces distortion and strengthens the link between voter intention and the election of representatives;
2. Engagement: that the proposed measure would encourage voting and participation in the democratic process, foster greater civility and collaboration in politics, enhance social cohesion and offer opportunities for inclusion of underrepresented groups in the political process;
3. Accessibility and inclusiveness: that the proposed measure would avoid undue complexity in the voting process, while respecting the other principles, and that it would support access by all eligible voters regardless of physical or social condition;
4. Integrity: that the proposed measure can be implemented while safeguarding public trust in the election process, by ensuring reliable and verifiable results obtained through an effective and objective process that is secure and preserves vote secrecy for individual Canadians;
5. Local representation: that the proposed measure would ensure accountability and recognize the value that Canadians attach to community, to Members of Parliament understanding local conditions and advancing local needs at the national level, and to having access to Members of Parliament to facilitate resolution of their concerns and participation in the democratic process.

From the learnings and guiding principles presented in the Report, we could arrange and consider design constraints for the voting process as follows:

1. Will produce proportional seating allotment.
2. Will elect local candidates.
3. Will avoid unnecessary complexity.
4. Will encourage collaboration in politics.
5. Will safeguard public trust with an effective and verifiable process.

Let’s review each constraint, and elaborate where needed.

Will produce proportional seating allotment

Canadians want the number of seats held in Parliament to reflect the proportion of votes it received across the country. What does this mean, and what does this look like?

The simplest way to explain proportional representation is that if 40% of Canada votes for a particular political party, they should only be entitled to 40%.

Fair Vote Canada does a great job at illustrating this point. This illustration is from their Media Kit depicting the results of the 2022 Ontario general election:
https://www.fairvote.ca/mediakit/

Why does this not happen today?

Canada currently uses a plurality voting system, often called “first-past-the-post” or FPTP. It’s a winner take all system that favours two candidates over many. The winning candidate is the one with the most votes – though not necessarily a majority of support in cases of 3 or more candidates. For example, if a riding is split between 5 candidates, the winner can be the one with only 21% of support, but technically won the most votes. This is referred to as the Condorcet loser paradox: When the majority of voters do not favour the winning candidate. In turn, this leads to distorted results where parties receive a majority of power without the popular support to justify it.

Will elect local candidates

Canadians want to elect local candidates to represent them in Parliament. Not all flavours of proportional representation align nicely with this objective.

For example, in a system called mixed-member proportional representation, or MMP, two types of representatives are elected. One is a local representative, the other a regional representative from a party list. A common criticism of this system is that the party list candidate isn’t accountable to their electorate in the same way their local representative is.

In practice, this doesn’t necessarily pose a problem. However, it is a valid concern that needs to be considered.

Will avoid unnecessary complexity

One of the benefits of the FPTP system is it’s simplicity and efficiency. Vote counting happens quickly, often completing on the same night of the election.

By comparison, in the MMP system, two votes must be cast: One for a local representative, the other from a party-list. Which doubles the work involved voting. In some systems, candidates are ranked and votes redistributed, which adds complexity to the counting process.

Asking voters to participate to do more work and navigate more complexity is not a winning strategy to achieve anything, let alone electoral reform.

Will encourage collaboration in politics

The skewing of results that often occurs in the FPTP electoral system tends to result in majority governments. That is, a single political party holds most of the seats in the legislature. This is seen as a feature and advantage of FPTP, as it implies a greater likelihood of government stability. However, this also means that alternate or opposing views are often disregarded, fueling voter apathy.

In contrast, PR electoral systems often result in coalition governments being formed in order to achieve majority support to streamline passing legislation. This requires collaboration with the other political parties that voters have elected to represent them.

Where should we start?

I’m going to suggest that there is no need to completely reinvent the wheel in this situation. Some of the advantages of our current electoral system that we should retain are:

• The popular vote is already calculated using the existing FPTP electoral model.
• We already have an efficient voting mechanism that is easy to participate in, and quick to count.
• Voters elect local candidates to represent them

Changing the simple checking of a box to another mechanism introduces more complexity, and an additional expense to replace voting machines.

A possible solution: Approval voting

Approval voting is a system that allows voters to select or “approve of” as many candidates as they want. It also allows for choosing a single candidate. The benefit of this system is that is eliminates the problem of vote-splitting. If a voter wants to approve of either the Liberal Party or the NDP, both can be selected. Further, the simplicity of checking one, or many boxes, means we can continue using the ballot style we already have.

Will safeguard public trust with an effective and verifiable process

Using approval voting means a smaller learning curve to avoiding vote-splitting. It also retains the relative simplicity and efficiency of FPTP. Voting machines would have to be updated to allow more than one choice. But, ballots would otherwise be verified the same way as they are now.

How to we evaluate and verify the results?

I was able to attend some of the town halls that contributed to the reporting on electoral reform. One of the things that can happen when you get a room of advocates is a lot of enthusiastic abstractions of what’s possible. Stories of how other countries do it — so why can’t we? What gets lost in discussions like that is appreciating the courage it requires to get people to get from “here” to “there”. And if something requires courage to take a chance on, why do it at all? Is status quo not easier?

For that reason, I want to pivot this article into “show, don’t tell”.

Not only am I certain that proportional representation, that avoids vote splitting, is already possible. I’m going to prove it using data from Elections Canada. My goal is to prove we can incorporate proportional representation in the very next election. And, it doesn’t require any significant change from how Canadians already vote.

Because a hypothetical approval voting model separates the number of votes from the population, it’s possible that the election results would be the same, even if the population was different. Therefore, we can use actual election data for this model.

The most recent Canadian federal election as of this post was the 45th General Election on April 28, 2025. I am specifically interested in Table 12: List of candidates by electoral district and individual results. I’m using a downloadable CSV file, which any spreadsheet software can open. However, I’m going a little further by building an app on a platform called Quickbase for my modeling and reporting.

Majority-Won Seats

The first step in the evaluation of filled seats according to which ridings elected a candidate by majority vote. The parties that won seats by majority vote are as follows.

Party	Number of Seats
Conservative Party	98
Liberal Party	123
Total	221

Liberal Party Details

Percentage of Votes	Candidate	Electoral District Name
51.5	Philip Earle Liberal/Libéral	Labrador
57	Kent MacDonald Liberal/Libéral	Cardigan
64.8	Sean Casey ** Liberal/Libéral	Charlottetown
51.9	Bobby Morrissey ** Liberal/Libéral	Egmont
57.6	Heath MacDonald ** Liberal/Libéral	Malpeque
55.2	Guillaume Deschênes-Thériault Liberal/Libéral	Madawaska–Restigouche
58.6	Abdelhaq Sari Liberal/Libéral	Bourassa
52.6	John Zerucelli Liberal/Libéral	Etobicoke North/Etobicoke-Nord
55.6	Judy Sgro ** Liberal/Libéral	Humber River–Black Creek
57.9	Kevin Lamoureux ** Liberal/Libéral	Winnipeg North/Winnipeg-Nord
65.1	Buckley Belanger Liberal/Libéral	Desnethé–Missinippi–Churchill River/Desnethé–Missinippi–Rivière Churchill
53.1	Brendan Hanley ** Liberal/Libéral	Yukon
53.5	Rebecca Alty Liberal/Libéral	Northwest Territories/Territoires du Nord-Ouest
58.6	Paul Connors Liberal/Libéral	Avalon
62.3	Joanne Thompson ** Liberal/Libéral	St. John’s East/St. John’s-Est
51.6	Jaime Battiste ** Liberal/Libéral	Cape Breton–Canso–Antigonish
51.9	Sean Fraser ** Liberal/Libéral	Central Nova/Nova-Centre
54.9	Jessica Fancy-Landry Liberal/Libéral	South Shore–St. Margarets
54.6	Mike Kelloway ** Liberal/Libéral	Sydney–Glace Bay
58.1	Wayne Long ** Liberal/Libéral	Saint John–Kennebecasis
59.4	Anju Dhillon ** Liberal/Libéral	Dorval–Lachine–LaSalle
60.2	Eric St-Pierre Liberal/Libéral	Honoré-Mercier
50.9	Claude Guay Liberal/Libéral	LaSalle–Émard–Verdun
52.1	Steven Guilbeault ** Liberal/Libéral	Laurier–Sainte-Marie
52	Carlos Leitão Liberal/Libéral	Marc-Aurèle-Fortin
51.1	Anthony Housefather ** Liberal/Libéral	Mount Royal/Mont-Royal
55.2	Rachel Bendayan ** Liberal/Libéral	Outremont
53	Marjorie Michel Liberal/Libéral	Papineau
58.9	Emmanuella Lambropoulos ** Liberal/Libéral	Saint-Laurent
65.3	Patricia Lattanzio ** Liberal/Libéral	Saint-Léonard–Saint-Michel
53.4	Annie Koutrakis ** Liberal/Libéral	Vimy
53.2	Maggie Chi Liberal/Libéral	Don Valley North/Don Valley-Nord
54.5	Tim Hodgson Liberal/Libéral	Markham–Thornhill
53.9	Fares Al Soud Liberal/Libéral	Mississauga Centre/Mississauga-Centre
50.2	Peter Fonseca ** Liberal/Libéral	Mississauga East–Cooksville/Mississauga-Est–Cooksville
53.3	Iqwinder Singh Gaheer ** Liberal/Libéral	Mississauga–Malton
57.3	Salma Zahid ** Liberal/Libéral	Scarborough Centre–Don Valley East/Scarborough-Centre–Don Valley-Est
63	Shaun Chen ** Liberal/Libéral	Scarborough North/Scarborough-Nord
54.3	Jean Yip ** Liberal/Libéral	Scarborough–Agincourt
60.4	Michael Coteau ** Liberal/Libéral	Scarborough–Woburn
55.2	Patty Hajdu ** Liberal/Libéral	Thunder Bay–Superior North/Thunder Bay–Supérieur-Nord
53.4	Ali Ehsassi ** Liberal/Libéral	Willowdale
55.3	Ahmed Hussen ** Liberal/Libéral	York South–Weston–Etobicoke/York-Sud–Weston–Etobicoke
59	Terry Duguid ** Liberal/Libéral	Winnipeg South/Winnipeg-Sud
55.2	Hedy Fry ** Liberal/Libéral	Vancouver Centre/Vancouver-Centre
52.3	Gregor Robertson Liberal/Libéral	Vancouver Fraserview–South Burnaby/Vancouver Fraserview–Burnaby-Sud
68.3	Tom Osborne Liberal/Libéral	Cape Spear
67.7	Darren Fisher ** Liberal/Libéral	Dartmouth–Cole Harbour
63	Shannon Miedema Liberal/Libéral	Halifax
65.6	Lena Metlege Diab ** Liberal/Libéral	Halifax West/Halifax-Ouest
60.6	Kody Blois ** Liberal/Libéral	Kings–Hants
62	Braedon Clark Liberal/Libéral	Sackville–Bedford–Preston
67.5	Serge Cormier ** Liberal/Libéral	Acadie–Bathurst
60.6	Dominic LeBlanc ** Liberal/Libéral	Beauséjour
61.3	David Myles Liberal/Libéral	Fredericton–Oromocto
63	Ginette Petitpas Taylor ** Liberal/Libéral	Moncton–Dieppe
61	Mélanie Joly ** Liberal/Libéral	Ahuntsic-Cartierville
54.6	Angelo Iacono ** Liberal/Libéral	Alfred-Pellan
62.2	Alexandra Mendès ** Liberal/Libéral	Brossard–Saint-Lambert
60.5	Steven MacKinnon ** Liberal/Libéral	Gatineau
62.1	Greg Fergus ** Liberal/Libéral	Hull–Aylmer
67.6	Francis Scarpaleggia ** Liberal/Libéral	Lac-Saint-Louis
55.4	Joël Lightbound ** Liberal/Libéral	Louis-Hébert
64	Anna Gainey ** Liberal/Libéral	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce–Westmount
60.1	Sameer Zuberi ** Liberal/Libéral	Pierrefonds–Dollard
54.6	Sophie Chatel ** Liberal/Libéral	Pontiac–Kitigan Zibi
51.3	Élisabeth Brière ** Liberal/Libéral	Sherbrooke
57.9	Peter Schiefke ** Liberal/Libéral	Vaudreuil
63.7	Marc Miller ** Liberal/Libéral	Ville-Marie–Le Sud-Ouest–Île-des-Soeurs
56.3	Jennifer McKelvie Liberal/Libéral	Ajax
50.4	Chris Malette Liberal/Libéral	Bay of Quinte
67.7	Nate Erskine-Smith ** Liberal/Libéral	Beaches–East York
55.8	Karina Gould ** Liberal/Libéral	Burlington
52.7	Adam Van Koeverden ** Liberal/Libéral	Burlington North–Milton West/Burlington-Nord–Milton-Ouest
50.9	Bruce Fanjoy Liberal/Libéral	Carleton
57.8	Julie Dzerowicz ** Liberal/Libéral	Davenport
62.6	Rob Oliphant ** Liberal/Libéral	Don Valley West/Don Valley-Ouest
53.6	Yvan Baker ** Liberal/Libéral	Etobicoke Centre/Etobicoke-Centre
57.4	James Maloney ** Liberal/Libéral	Etobicoke–Lakeshore
54.7	Dominique O’Rourke Liberal/Libéral	Guelph
56.1	John-Paul Danko Liberal/Libéral	Hamilton West–Ancaster–Dundas/Hamilton-Ouest–Ancaster–Dundas
60.8	Jenna Sudds ** Liberal/Libéral	Kanata
63.2	Mark Gerretsen ** Liberal/Libéral	Kingston and the Islands/Kingston et les Îles
56.7	Peter Fragiskatos ** Liberal/Libéral	London Centre/London-Centre
56.2	Arielle Kayabaga ** Liberal/Libéral	London West/London-Ouest
51.4	Helena Jaczek ** Liberal/Libéral	Markham–Stouffville
55.7	Iqra Khalid ** Liberal/Libéral	Mississauga–Erin Mills
52.4	Charles Sousa ** Liberal/Libéral	Mississauga–Lakeshore
51.5	Rechie Valdez ** Liberal/Libéral	Mississauga–Streetsville
63.8	Mark Carney Liberal/Libéral	Nepean
51.1	Anita Anand ** Liberal/Libéral	Oakville East/Oakville-Est
53.1	Sima Acan Liberal/Libéral	Oakville West/Oakville-Ouest
67.4	Marie-France Lalonde ** Liberal/Libéral	Orléans
62.7	Yasir Naqvi ** Liberal/Libéral	Ottawa Centre/Ottawa-Centre
65.2	David McGuinty ** Liberal/Libéral	Ottawa South/Ottawa-Sud
63.6	Anita Vandenbeld ** Liberal/Libéral	Ottawa West–Nepean/Ottawa-Ouest–Nepean
67.4	Mona Fortier ** Liberal/Libéral	Ottawa–Vanier–Gloucester
54.3	Emma Harrison Liberal/Libéral	Peterborough
54.2	Juanita Nathan Liberal/Libéral	Pickering–Brooklin
54.8	Giovanna Mingarelli Liberal/Libéral	Prescott–Russell–Cumberland
52	Chris Bittle ** Liberal/Libéral	St. Catharines
61.5	Bill Blair ** Liberal/Libéral	Scarborough Southwest/Scarborough-Sud-Ouest
64	Gary Anandasangaree ** Liberal/Libéral	Scarborough–Guildwood–Rouge Park
60.1	Chi Nguyen Liberal/Libéral	Spadina–Harbourfront
51.9	Viviane Lapointe ** Liberal/Libéral	Sudbury
55.8	Karim Bardeesy Liberal/Libéral	Taiaiako’n–Parkdale–High Park
64.3	Evan Solomon Liberal/Libéral	Toronto Centre/Toronto-Centre
66.6	Julie Dabrusin ** Liberal/Libéral	Toronto–Danforth
61.9	Leslie Church Liberal/Libéral	Toronto–St. Paul’s
64	Chrystia Freeland ** Liberal/Libéral	University–Rosedale
59.5	Bardish Chagger ** Liberal/Libéral	Waterloo
52.7	Ryan Turnbull ** Liberal/Libéral	Whitby
59.8	Ginette Lavack Liberal/Libéral	St. Boniface–St. Vital/Saint-Boniface–Saint-Vital
63.6	Ben Carr ** Liberal/Libéral	Winnipeg South Centre/Winnipeg-Centre-Sud
54.5	Doug Eyolfson Liberal/Libéral	Winnipeg West/Winnipeg-Ouest
59.1	Terry Beech ** Liberal/Libéral	Burnaby North–Seymour/Burnaby-Nord–Seymour
51.8	Jill McKnight Liberal/Libéral	Delta
59.8	Jonathan Wilkinson ** Liberal/Libéral	North Vancouver–Capilano
50.5	Ernie Klassen Liberal/Libéral	South Surrey–White Rock/Surrey-Sud–White Rock
62.1	Taleeb Noormohamed ** Liberal/Libéral	Vancouver Granville
63.2	Wade Grant Liberal/Libéral	Vancouver Quadra
54.3	Will Greaves Liberal/Libéral	Victoria
59.7	Patrick Weiler ** Liberal/Libéral	West Vancouver–Sunshine Coast–Sea to Sky Country

Conservative Party Details

Percentage of Votes	Candidate	Electoral District Name
52.7	Brad Redekopp ** Conservative/Conservateur	Saskatoon West/Saskatoon-Ouest
54.1	Clifford Small ** Conservative/Conservateur	Central Newfoundland
50.3	Carol Anstey Conservative/Conservateur	Long Range Mountains
53.4	Rob Moore ** Conservative/Conservateur	Fundy Royal
53.1	John Williamson ** Conservative/Conservateur	Saint John–St. Croix
58.8	Richard Bragdon ** Conservative/Conservateur	Tobique–Mactaquac
59.7	Jason Groleau Conservative/Conservateur	Beauce
58.8	Luc Berthold ** Conservative/Conservateur	Mégantic–L’Érable–Lotbinière
55.7	Cheryl Gallant ** Conservative/Conservateur	Algonquin–Renfrew–Pembroke
54.7	Costas Menegakis Conservative/Conservateur	Aurora–Oak Ridges–Richmond Hill
57.8	John Brassard ** Conservative/Conservateur	Barrie South–Innisfil/Barrie-Sud–Innisfil
51.7	Doug Shipley ** Conservative/Conservateur	Barrie–Springwater–Oro-Medonte
52.4	Larry Brock ** Conservative/Conservateur	Brantford–Brant South–Six Nations/Brantford–Brant-Sud–Six Nations
53	Alex Ruff ** Conservative/Conservateur	Bruce–Grey–Owen Sound
57.5	Dave Epp ** Conservative/Conservateur	Chatham-Kent–Leamington
60.1	Kyle Seeback ** Conservative/Conservateur	Dufferin–Caledon
50.1	Andrew Lawton Conservative/Conservateur	Elgin–St. Thomas–London South/Elgin–St. Thomas–London-Sud
57.5	Chris Lewis ** Conservative/Conservateur	Essex
52.7	Dan Muys ** Conservative/Conservateur	Flamborough–Glanbrook–Brant North/Flamborough–Glanbrook–Brant-Nord
57.6	Leslyn Lewis ** Conservative/Conservateur	Haldimand–Norfolk
56.6	Jamie Schmale ** Conservative/Conservateur	Haliburton–Kawartha Lakes
54.3	Shelby Kramp-Neuman ** Conservative/Conservateur	Hastings–Lennox and Addington–Tyendinaga
53.2	Ben Lobb ** Conservative/Conservateur	Huron–Bruce
61.5	Anna Roberts ** Conservative/Conservateur	King–Vaughan
50.4	Scott Reid ** Conservative/Conservateur	Lanark–Frontenac
50.7	Michael Ma Conservative/Conservateur	Markham–Unionville
51.7	Lianne Rood ** Conservative/Conservateur	Middlesex–London
59.4	Scot Davidson ** Conservative/Conservateur	New Tecumseth–Gwillimbury
50.6	Sandra Cobena Conservative/Conservateur	Newmarket–Aurora
51.7	Dean Allison ** Conservative/Conservateur	Niagara West/Niagara-Ouest
53.4	Arpan Khanna ** Conservative/Conservateur	Oxford
52.2	Scott Aitchison ** Conservative/Conservateur	Parry Sound–Muskoka
53	John Nater ** Conservative/Conservateur	Perth–Wellington
52.3	Vincent Ho Conservative/Conservateur	Richmond Hill South/Richmond Hill-Sud
53.1	Marilyn Gladu ** Conservative/Conservateur	Sarnia–Lambton–Bkejwanong
52.1	Terry Dowdall ** Conservative/Conservateur	Simcoe–Grey
56.3	Eric Duncan ** Conservative/Conservateur	Stormont–Dundas–Glengarry
66.4	Melissa Lantsman ** Conservative/Conservateur	Thornhill
60	Michael Guglielmin Conservative/Conservateur	Vaughan–Woodbridge
50.6	Michael Chong ** Conservative/Conservateur	Wellington–Halton Hills North/Wellington–Halton Hills-Nord
54.8	Roman Baber Conservative/Conservateur	York Centre/York-Centre
55.6	Jacob Mantle Conservative/Conservateur	York–Durham
62.2	Grant Jackson Conservative/Conservateur	Brandon–Souris
69.4	Branden Leslie ** Conservative/Conservateur	Portage–Lisgar
66.3	Ted Falk ** Conservative/Conservateur	Provencher
67.8	Dan Mazier ** Conservative/Conservateur	Riding Mountain/Mont-Riding
60.2	James Bezan ** Conservative/Conservateur	Selkirk–Interlake–Eastman
75.8	Rosemarie Falk ** Conservative/Conservateur	Battlefords–Lloydminster–Meadow Lake
77.4	Kelly Block ** Conservative/Conservateur	Carlton Trail–Eagle Creek/Sentier Carlton–Eagle Creek
71.9	Fraser Tolmie ** Conservative/Conservateur	Moose Jaw–Lake Centre–Lanigan
71.5	Randy Hoback ** Conservative/Conservateur	Prince Albert
64	Andrew Scheer ** Conservative/Conservateur	Regina–Qu’Appelle
50.1	Michael Kram ** Conservative/Conservateur	Regina–Wascana
84	Steven Bonk Conservative/Conservateur	Souris–Moose Mountain
82	Jeremy Patzer ** Conservative/Conservateur	Swift Current–Grasslands–Kindersley
77.5	Cathay Wagantall ** Conservative/Conservateur	Yorkton–Melville
71.2	Blake Richards ** Conservative/Conservateur	Airdrie–Cochrane
82.8	Damien Kurek ** Conservative/Conservateur	Battle River–Crowfoot
78.9	David Bexte Conservative/Conservateur	Bow River
50.2	Greg McLean ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Centre/Calgary-Centre
58.8	Pat Kelly ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Crowfoot
60.5	Jasraj Hallan ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary East/Calgary-Est
61.4	Shuv Majumdar ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Heritage
65.5	Stephanie Kusie ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Midnapore
59.4	Michelle Rempel Garner ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Nose Hill
68	Tom Kmiec ** Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Shepard
60.1	David GL McKenzie Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Signal Hill
55.4	Amanpreet S. Gill Conservative/Conservateur	Calgary Skyview
50.6	Tim Uppal ** Conservative/Conservateur	Edmonton Gateway
53.1	Ziad Aboultaif ** Conservative/Conservateur	Edmonton Manning
53.4	Billy Morin Conservative/Conservateur	Edmonton Northwest/Edmonton-Nord-Ouest
50.2	Matt Jeneroux ** Conservative/Conservateur	Edmonton Riverbend
52.9	Jagsharan Singh Mahal Conservative/Conservateur	Edmonton Southeast/Edmonton-Sud-Est
52.9	Kelly McCauley ** Conservative/Conservateur	Edmonton West/Edmonton-Ouest
76.3	John Barlow ** Conservative/Conservateur	Foothills
80.2	Laila Goodridge ** Conservative/Conservateur	Fort McMurray–Cold Lake
81.7	Chris Warkentin ** Conservative/Conservateur	Grande Prairie
81	Shannon Stubbs ** Conservative/Conservateur	Lakeland
74.7	Mike Lake ** Conservative/Conservateur	Leduc–Wetaskiwin
61.1	Rachael Thomas ** Conservative/Conservateur	Lethbridge
76.7	Glen Motz ** Conservative/Conservateur	Medicine Hat–Cardston–Warner
75.2	Dane Lloyd ** Conservative/Conservateur	Parkland
77.1	Arnold Viersen ** Conservative/Conservateur	Peace River–Westlock
81.8	Blaine Calkins ** Conservative/Conservateur	Ponoka–Didsbury
71.6	Burton Bailey Conservative/Conservateur	Red Deer
63.9	Michael Cooper ** Conservative/Conservateur	St. Albert–Sturgeon River
66.3	Garnett Genuis ** Conservative/Conservateur	Sherwood Park–Fort Saskatchewan
69.1	William Stevenson Conservative/Conservateur	Yellowhead
60.3	Todd Doherty ** Conservative/Conservateur	Cariboo–Prince George
54.8	Mark Strahl ** Conservative/Conservateur	Chilliwack–Hope
50.4	Rob Morrison ** Conservative/Conservateur	Columbia–Kootenay–Southern Rockies
52.2	Mel Arnold ** Conservative/Conservateur	Kamloops–Shuswap–Central Rockies
51.5	Frank Caputo ** Conservative/Conservateur	Kamloops–Thompson–Nicola
51.4	Tako Van Popta ** Conservative/Conservateur	Langley Township–Fraser Heights
56.7	Brad Vis ** Conservative/Conservateur	Mission–Matsqui–Abbotsford
50.9	Dan Albas ** Conservative/Conservateur	Okanagan Lake West–South Kelowna/Okanagan Lake-Ouest–Kelowna-Sud
71.1	Bob Zimmer ** Conservative/Conservateur	Prince George–Peace River–Northern Rockies
50.4	Scott Anderson Conservative/Conservateur	Vernon–Lake Country–Monashee

After the seats that are won be majority vote in their respective ridings are removed from the pool of available seats, we’re left with 122 unfilled seats. And when those unfilled seats are filled, we still need to arrive at a proportional results.

Open Party List Seats

One of the perceived weaknesses of a mixed-member proportional system is the risk of a non-local, regional party representative being appointed. However, this does not have to be the case.

Seats that were not filled by majority vote can be forfeited to party open lists. And, those seats could be filled by respective local party candidates in ridings that didn’t elect a majority.

How can party seat allotment of local candidates be determined proportionately? For this, I suggest a formula called the Sainte-Laguë Method. This method is designed to apportion seats in a in a party-list proportional representation system by calculating a quotient.

The algebraic expression of this formula is:

• v = The number of votes a party received.
• s = The number of seats that have been allocated so far to that party (initially 0).
• Quotient = v / (2s + 1)

In practice, the way this works is to first determine the total number of open seats remaining that need to be filled. A quotient for each party is calculated. The number of seats each party already has by majority vote will be reflected in the quotient. The party with the highest quotient gets the next seat allocated, and quotients are recalculated. The process repeats until all seats have been allocated.

This method isn’t perfect. An obvious weakness is that seats might be allotted to candidates that had an overwhelming majority against them in their respective ridings. However, this method would be reserved for ridings where a majority for seat assignment was not reached. The appointed candidates would be local to the riding they represent, and the overall composition in the House of Commons would reflect the popular vote of the people.

Party	Number of Seats
Bloc Québécois	22
Conservative Party	44
Green Party	4
Independants	1
Liberal Party	27
NDP	22
People’s Party	2
Total	122

Results

Party	Popular Vote	Number of Seats
Bloc Québécois	6.29%	22
Conservative Party	41.31%	142
Green Party	1.22%	4
Independants	0.17%	1
Liberal Party	43.76%	150
NDP	6.29%	22
People’s Party	0.70%	2
Total	100%	343

Party	Electoral District	Candidate	Won Majority	Won Open List	Quotient
Liberal Party	Cape Spear	Tom Osborne Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	8595488
Liberal Party	Dartmouth–Cole Harbour	Darren Fisher ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	2865163
Liberal Party	Beaches–East York	Nate Erskine-Smith ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	1719098
Liberal Party	Lac-Saint-Louis	Francis Scarpaleggia ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	1227927
Liberal Party	Acadie–Bathurst	Serge Cormier ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	955054
Liberal Party	Orléans	Marie-France Lalonde ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	781408
Liberal Party	Ottawa–Vanier–Gloucester	Mona Fortier ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	661191
Liberal Party	Toronto–Danforth	Julie Dabrusin ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	573033
Liberal Party	Halifax West/Halifax-Ouest	Lena Metlege Diab ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	505617
Liberal Party	Saint-Léonard–Saint-Michel	Patricia Lattanzio ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	452394
Liberal Party	Ottawa South/Ottawa-Sud	David McGuinty ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	409309
Liberal Party	Charlottetown	Sean Casey ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	373717
Liberal Party	Toronto Centre/Toronto-Centre	Evan Solomon Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	343820
Liberal Party	University–Rosedale	Chrystia Freeland ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	318351
Liberal Party	Scarborough–Guildwood–Rouge Park	Gary Anandasangaree ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	296396
Liberal Party	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce–Westmount	Anna Gainey ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	277274
Liberal Party	Nepean	Mark Carney Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	260469
Liberal Party	Ville-Marie–Le Sud-Ouest–Île-des-Soeurs	Marc Miller ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	245585
Liberal Party	Ottawa West–Nepean/Ottawa-Ouest–Nepean	Anita Vandenbeld ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	232310
Liberal Party	Winnipeg South Centre/Winnipeg-Centre-Sud	Ben Carr ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	220397
Liberal Party	Kingston and the Islands/Kingston et les Îles	Mark Gerretsen ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	209646
Liberal Party	Vancouver Quadra	Wade Grant Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	199895
Liberal Party	Halifax	Shannon Miedema Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	191011
Liberal Party	Moncton–Dieppe	Ginette Petitpas Taylor ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	182883
Liberal Party	Scarborough North/Scarborough-Nord	Shaun Chen ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	175418
Liberal Party	Ottawa Centre/Ottawa-Centre	Yasir Naqvi ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	168539
Liberal Party	Don Valley West/Don Valley-Ouest	Rob Oliphant ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	162179
Liberal Party	St. John’s East/St. John’s-Est	Joanne Thompson ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	156282
Liberal Party	Brossard–Saint-Lambert	Alexandra Mendès ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	150798
Liberal Party	Vancouver Granville	Taleeb Noormohamed ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	145686
Liberal Party	Hull–Aylmer	Greg Fergus ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	140910
Liberal Party	Sackville–Bedford–Preston	Braedon Clark Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	136436
Liberal Party	Toronto–St. Paul’s	Leslie Church Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	132238
Liberal Party	Scarborough Southwest/Scarborough-Sud-Ouest	Bill Blair ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	128291
Liberal Party	Fredericton–Oromocto	David Myles Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	124572
Liberal Party	Ahuntsic-Cartierville	Mélanie Joly ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	121063
Liberal Party	Kanata	Jenna Sudds ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	117746
Liberal Party	Beauséjour	Dominic LeBlanc ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	114607
Liberal Party	Kings–Hants	Kody Blois ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	111630
Liberal Party	Gatineau	Steven MacKinnon ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	108804
Liberal Party	Scarborough–Woburn	Michael Coteau ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	106117
Liberal Party	Honoré-Mercier	Eric St-Pierre Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	103560
Liberal Party	Pierrefonds–Dollard	Sameer Zuberi ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	101123
Liberal Party	Spadina–Harbourfront	Chi Nguyen Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	98799
Liberal Party	North Vancouver–Capilano	Jonathan Wilkinson ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	96579
Liberal Party	St. Boniface–St. Vital/Saint-Boniface–Saint-Vital	Ginette Lavack Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	94456
Liberal Party	West Vancouver–Sunshine Coast–Sea to Sky Country	Patrick Weiler ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	92425
Liberal Party	Waterloo	Bardish Chagger ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	90479
Liberal Party	Dorval–Lachine–LaSalle	Anju Dhillon ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	88613
Liberal Party	Burnaby North–Seymour/Burnaby-Nord–Seymour	Terry Beech ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	86823
Liberal Party	Winnipeg South/Winnipeg-Sud	Terry Duguid ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	85104
Liberal Party	Saint-Laurent	Emmanuella Lambropoulos ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	83451
Liberal Party	Avalon	Paul Connors Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	81862
Liberal Party	Bourassa	Abdelhaq Sari Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	80332
Liberal Party	Saint John–Kennebecasis	Wayne Long ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	78858
Liberal Party	Vaudreuil	Peter Schiefke ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	77437
Liberal Party	Winnipeg North/Winnipeg-Nord	Kevin Lamoureux ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	76066
Liberal Party	Davenport	Julie Dzerowicz ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	74743
Liberal Party	Malpeque	Heath MacDonald ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	73466
Liberal Party	Etobicoke–Lakeshore	James Maloney ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	72231
Liberal Party	Scarborough Centre–Don Valley East/Scarborough-Centre–Don Valley-Est	Salma Zahid ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	71037
Liberal Party	Cardigan	Kent MacDonald Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	69882
Liberal Party	London Centre/London-Centre	Peter Fragiskatos ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	68764
Liberal Party	Ajax	Jennifer McKelvie Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	67681
Liberal Party	London West/London-Ouest	Arielle Kayabaga ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	66632
Liberal Party	Hamilton West–Ancaster–Dundas/Hamilton-Ouest–Ancaster–Dundas	John-Paul Danko Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	65614
Liberal Party	Burlington	Karina Gould ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	64628
Liberal Party	Taiaiako’n–Parkdale–High Park	Karim Bardeesy Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	63670
Liberal Party	Mississauga–Erin Mills	Iqra Khalid ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	62741
Liberal Party	Humber River–Black Creek	Judy Sgro ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	61838
Liberal Party	Louis-Hébert	Joël Lightbound ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	60961
Liberal Party	York South–Weston–Etobicoke/York-Sud–Weston–Etobicoke	Ahmed Hussen ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	60108
Liberal Party	Vancouver Centre/Vancouver-Centre	Hedy Fry ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	59279
Liberal Party	Outremont	Rachel Bendayan ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	58473
Liberal Party	Thunder Bay–Superior North/Thunder Bay–Supérieur-Nord	Patty Hajdu ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	57688
Liberal Party	Madawaska–Restigouche	Guillaume Deschênes-Thériault Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	56924
Liberal Party	South Shore–St. Margarets	Jessica Fancy-Landry Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	56180
Liberal Party	Prescott–Russell–Cumberland	Giovanna Mingarelli Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	55455
Liberal Party	Guelph	Dominique O’Rourke Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	54748
Liberal Party	Alfred-Pellan	Angelo Iacono ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	54060
Liberal Party	Pontiac–Kitigan Zibi	Sophie Chatel ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	53388
Liberal Party	Sydney–Glace Bay	Mike Kelloway ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	52733
Liberal Party	Winnipeg West/Winnipeg-Ouest	Doug Eyolfson Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	52094
Liberal Party	Markham–Thornhill	Tim Hodgson Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	51470
Liberal Party	Peterborough	Emma Harrison Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	50861
Liberal Party	Victoria	Will Greaves Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	50266
Liberal Party	Scarborough–Agincourt	Jean Yip ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	49685
Liberal Party	Pickering–Brooklin	Juanita Nathan Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	49117
Liberal Party	Mississauga Centre/Mississauga-Centre	Fares Al Soud Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	48562
Liberal Party	Etobicoke Centre/Etobicoke-Centre	Yvan Baker ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	48019
Liberal Party	Northwest Territories/Territoires du Nord-Ouest	Rebecca Alty Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	47489
Liberal Party	Vimy	Annie Koutrakis ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	46970
Liberal Party	Willowdale	Ali Ehsassi ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	46462
Liberal Party	Mississauga–Malton	Iqwinder Singh Gaheer ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	45965
Liberal Party	Don Valley North/Don Valley-Nord	Maggie Chi Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	45479
Liberal Party	Oakville West/Oakville-Ouest	Sima Acan Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	45003
Liberal Party	Yukon	Brendan Hanley ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	44536
Liberal Party	Papineau	Marjorie Michel Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	44079
Liberal Party	Burlington North–Milton West/Burlington-Nord–Milton-Ouest	Adam Van Koeverden ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	43632
Liberal Party	Whitby	Ryan Turnbull ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	43193
Liberal Party	Etobicoke North/Etobicoke-Nord	John Zerucelli Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	42764
Liberal Party	Mississauga–Lakeshore	Charles Sousa ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	42342
Liberal Party	Vancouver Fraserview–South Burnaby/Vancouver Fraserview–Burnaby-Sud	Gregor Robertson Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	41929
Liberal Party	Laurier–Sainte-Marie	Steven Guilbeault ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	41524
Liberal Party	St. Catharines	Chris Bittle ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	41127
Liberal Party	Marc-Aurèle-Fortin	Carlos Leitão Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	40737
Liberal Party	Sudbury	Viviane Lapointe ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	40354
Liberal Party	Central Nova/Nova-Centre	Sean Fraser ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	39979
Liberal Party	Egmont	Bobby Morrissey ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	39611
Liberal Party	Delta	Jill McKnight Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	39249
Liberal Party	Cape Breton–Canso–Antigonish	Jaime Battiste ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	38894
Liberal Party	Mississauga–Streetsville	Rechie Valdez ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	38545
Liberal Party	Markham–Stouffville	Helena Jaczek ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	38202
Liberal Party	Sherbrooke	Élisabeth Brière ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	37866
Liberal Party	Oakville East/Oakville-Est	Anita Anand ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	37535
Liberal Party	Mount Royal/Mont-Royal	Anthony Housefather ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	37210
Liberal Party	Carleton	Bruce Fanjoy Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	36891
Liberal Party	LaSalle–Émard–Verdun	Claude Guay Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	36577
Liberal Party	South Surrey–White Rock/Surrey-Sud–White Rock	Ernie Klassen Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	36268
Liberal Party	Bay of Quinte	Chris Malette Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	35964
Liberal Party	Mississauga East–Cooksville/Mississauga-Est–Cooksville	Peter Fonseca ** Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	35666
Liberal Party	Desnethé–Missinippi–Churchill River/Desnethé–Missinippi–Rivière Churchill	Buckley Belanger Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	35372
Liberal Party	Labrador	Philip Earle Liberal/Libéral	yes	no	35084
Liberal Party	Saint-Maurice–Champlain	François-Philippe Champagne ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	34800
Liberal Party	Laval–Les Îles	Fayçal El-Khoury ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	34520
Liberal Party	Surrey Newton	Sukh Dhaliwal ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	34245
Liberal Party	Longueuil–Charles-LeMoyne	Sherry Romanado ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	33974
Liberal Party	Eglinton–Lawrence	Vince Gasparro Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	33708
Liberal Party	Brampton South/Brampton-Sud	Sonia Sidhu ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	33445
Liberal Party	Brampton North–Caledon/Brampton-Nord–Caledon	Ruby Sahota ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	33187
Liberal Party	Kelowna	Stephen Fuhr Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	32933
Liberal Party	Brampton–Chinguacousy Park	Shafqat Ali ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	32682
Liberal Party	Thunder Bay–Rainy River	Marcus Powlowski ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	32436
Liberal Party	Richmond East–Steveston/Richmond-Est–Steveston	Parm Bains ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	32193
Liberal Party	Brampton Centre/Brampton-Centre	Amandeep Sodhi Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	31953
Liberal Party	Brome–Missisquoi	Louis Villeneuve Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	31718
Liberal Party	Cumberland–Colchester	Alana Hirtle Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	31485
Liberal Party	Surrey Centre/Surrey-Centre	Randeep Sarai ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	31256
Liberal Party	Fleetwood–Port Kells	Gurbux Saini Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	31031
Liberal Party	Argenteuil–La Petite-Nation	Stéphane Lauzon ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	30808
Liberal Party	Coquitlam–Port Coquitlam	Ron McKinnon ** Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	30589
Liberal Party	Mont-Saint-Bruno–L’Acadie	Bienvenu-Olivier Ntumba Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	30373
Liberal Party	Thérèse-De Blainville	Madeleine Chenette Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	30160
Liberal Party	Compton–Stanstead	Marianne Dandurand Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	29949
Liberal Party	Rivière-des-Mille-Îles	Linda Lapointe Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	29742
Liberal Party	Châteauguay–Les Jardins-de-Napierville	Nathalie Provost Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	29538
Liberal Party	La Prairie–Atateken	Jacques Ramsay Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	29336
Liberal Party	Abitibi–Baie-James–Nunavik–Eeyou	Mandy Gull-Masty Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	29137
Liberal Party	Les Pays-d’en-Haut	Tim Watchorn Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	28941
Liberal Party	Trois-Rivières	Caroline Desrochers Liberal/Libéral	no	yes	28747
Conservative Party	Souris–Moose Mountain	Steven Bonk Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	8113484
Conservative Party	Battle River–Crowfoot	Damien Kurek ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	2704495
Conservative Party	Swift Current–Grasslands–Kindersley	Jeremy Patzer ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	1622697
Conservative Party	Ponoka–Didsbury	Blaine Calkins ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	1159069
Conservative Party	Grande Prairie	Chris Warkentin ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	901498
Conservative Party	Lakeland	Shannon Stubbs ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	737589
Conservative Party	Fort McMurray–Cold Lake	Laila Goodridge ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	624114
Conservative Party	Bow River	David Bexte Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	540899
Conservative Party	Yorkton–Melville	Cathay Wagantall ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	477264
Conservative Party	Carlton Trail–Eagle Creek/Sentier Carlton–Eagle Creek	Kelly Block ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	427025
Conservative Party	Peace River–Westlock	Arnold Viersen ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	386356
Conservative Party	Medicine Hat–Cardston–Warner	Glen Motz ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	352760
Conservative Party	Foothills	John Barlow ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	324539
Conservative Party	Battlefords–Lloydminster–Meadow Lake	Rosemarie Falk ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	300499
Conservative Party	Parkland	Dane Lloyd ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	279775
Conservative Party	Leduc–Wetaskiwin	Mike Lake ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	261725
Conservative Party	Moose Jaw–Lake Centre–Lanigan	Fraser Tolmie ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	245863
Conservative Party	Red Deer	Burton Bailey Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	231814
Conservative Party	Prince Albert	Randy Hoback ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	219283
Conservative Party	Airdrie–Cochrane	Blake Richards ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	208038
Conservative Party	Prince George–Peace River–Northern Rockies	Bob Zimmer ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	197890
Conservative Party	Portage–Lisgar	Branden Leslie ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	188686
Conservative Party	Yellowhead	William Stevenson Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	180300
Conservative Party	Calgary Shepard	Tom Kmiec ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	172627
Conservative Party	Riding Mountain/Mont-Riding	Dan Mazier ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	165581
Conservative Party	Thornhill	Melissa Lantsman ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	159088
Conservative Party	Sherwood Park–Fort Saskatchewan	Garnett Genuis ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	153085
Conservative Party	Provencher	Ted Falk ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	147518
Conservative Party	Calgary Midnapore	Stephanie Kusie ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	142342
Conservative Party	Regina–Qu’Appelle	Andrew Scheer ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	137517
Conservative Party	St. Albert–Sturgeon River	Michael Cooper ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	133008
Conservative Party	Brandon–Souris	Grant Jackson Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	128785
Conservative Party	King–Vaughan	Anna Roberts ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	124823
Conservative Party	Calgary Heritage	Shuv Majumdar ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	121097
Conservative Party	Lethbridge	Rachael Thomas ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	117587
Conservative Party	Calgary East/Calgary-Est	Jasraj Hallan ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	114274
Conservative Party	Cariboo–Prince George	Todd Doherty ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	111144
Conservative Party	Selkirk–Interlake–Eastman	James Bezan ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	108180
Conservative Party	Dufferin–Caledon	Kyle Seeback ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	105370
Conservative Party	Calgary Signal Hill	David GL McKenzie Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	102702
Conservative Party	Vaughan–Woodbridge	Michael Guglielmin Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	100166
Conservative Party	Beauce	Jason Groleau Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	97753
Conservative Party	New Tecumseth–Gwillimbury	Scot Davidson ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	95453
Conservative Party	Calgary Nose Hill	Michelle Rempel Garner ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	93258
Conservative Party	Calgary Crowfoot	Pat Kelly ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	91163
Conservative Party	Mégantic–L’Érable–Lotbinière	Luc Berthold ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	89159
Conservative Party	Tobique–Mactaquac	Richard Bragdon ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	87242
Conservative Party	Barrie South–Innisfil/Barrie-Sud–Innisfil	John Brassard ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	85405
Conservative Party	Haldimand–Norfolk	Leslyn Lewis ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	83644
Conservative Party	Essex	Chris Lewis ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	81954
Conservative Party	Chatham-Kent–Leamington	Dave Epp ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	80332
Conservative Party	Mission–Matsqui–Abbotsford	Brad Vis ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	78772
Conservative Party	Haliburton–Kawartha Lakes	Jamie Schmale ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	77271
Conservative Party	Stormont–Dundas–Glengarry	Eric Duncan ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	75827
Conservative Party	Algonquin–Renfrew–Pembroke	Cheryl Gallant ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	74436
Conservative Party	York–Durham	Jacob Mantle Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	73094
Conservative Party	Calgary Skyview	Amanpreet S. Gill Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	71801
Conservative Party	Chilliwack–Hope	Mark Strahl ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	70552
Conservative Party	York Centre/York-Centre	Roman Baber Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	69346
Conservative Party	Aurora–Oak Ridges–Richmond Hill	Costas Menegakis Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	68181
Conservative Party	Hastings–Lennox and Addington–Tyendinaga	Shelby Kramp-Neuman ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	67054
Conservative Party	Central Newfoundland	Clifford Small ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	65963
Conservative Party	Oxford	Arpan Khanna ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	64908
Conservative Party	Edmonton Northwest/Edmonton-Nord-Ouest	Billy Morin Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	63886
Conservative Party	Fundy Royal	Rob Moore ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	62895
Conservative Party	Huron–Bruce	Ben Lobb ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	61935
Conservative Party	Sarnia–Lambton–Bkejwanong	Marilyn Gladu ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	61004
Conservative Party	Saint John–St. Croix	John Williamson ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	60100
Conservative Party	Edmonton Manning	Ziad Aboultaif ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	59223
Conservative Party	Bruce–Grey–Owen Sound	Alex Ruff ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	58370
Conservative Party	Perth–Wellington	John Nater ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	57542
Conservative Party	Edmonton West/Edmonton-Ouest	Kelly McCauley ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	56738
Conservative Party	Edmonton Southeast/Edmonton-Sud-Est	Jagsharan Singh Mahal Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	55955
Conservative Party	Flamborough–Glanbrook–Brant North/Flamborough–Glanbrook–Brant-Nord	Dan Muys ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	55194
Conservative Party	Saskatoon West/Saskatoon-Ouest	Brad Redekopp ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	54453
Conservative Party	Brantford–Brant South–Six Nations/Brantford–Brant-Sud–Six Nations	Larry Brock ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	53732
Conservative Party	Richmond Hill South/Richmond Hill-Sud	Vincent Ho Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	53029
Conservative Party	Kamloops–Shuswap–Central Rockies	Mel Arnold ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	52345
Conservative Party	Parry Sound–Muskoka	Scott Aitchison ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	51678
Conservative Party	Simcoe–Grey	Terry Dowdall ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	51028
Conservative Party	Niagara West/Niagara-Ouest	Dean Allison ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	50394
Conservative Party	Middlesex–London	Lianne Rood ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	49776
Conservative Party	Barrie–Springwater–Oro-Medonte	Doug Shipley ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	49173
Conservative Party	Kamloops–Thompson–Nicola	Frank Caputo ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	48584
Conservative Party	Langley Township–Fraser Heights	Tako Van Popta ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	48009
Conservative Party	Okanagan Lake West–South Kelowna/Okanagan Lake-Ouest–Kelowna-Sud	Dan Albas ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	47447
Conservative Party	Markham–Unionville	Michael Ma Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	46899
Conservative Party	Wellington–Halton Hills North/Wellington–Halton Hills-Nord	Michael Chong ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	46363
Conservative Party	Newmarket–Aurora	Sandra Cobena Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	45839
Conservative Party	Edmonton Gateway	Tim Uppal ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	45327
Conservative Party	Columbia–Kootenay–Southern Rockies	Rob Morrison ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	44826
Conservative Party	Lanark–Frontenac	Scott Reid ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	44336
Conservative Party	Vernon–Lake Country–Monashee	Scott Anderson Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	43857
Conservative Party	Long Range Mountains	Carol Anstey Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	43388
Conservative Party	Calgary Centre/Calgary-Centre	Greg McLean ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	42928
Conservative Party	Edmonton Riverbend	Matt Jeneroux ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	42479
Conservative Party	Elgin–St. Thomas–London South/Elgin–St. Thomas–London-Sud	Andrew Lawton Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	42039
Conservative Party	Regina–Wascana	Michael Kram ** Conservative/Conservateur	yes	no	41608
Conservative Party	Leeds–Grenville–Thousand Islands–Rideau Lakes	Michael Barrett ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	41185
Conservative Party	Regina–Lewvan	Warren Steinley ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	40771
Conservative Party	Bowmanville–Oshawa North/Bowmanville–Oshawa-Nord	Jamil Jivani ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	40366
Conservative Party	Brampton West/Brampton-Ouest	Amarjeet Gill Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	39968
Conservative Party	Portneuf–Jacques-Cartier	Joël Godin ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	39578
Conservative Party	Richmond Centre–Marpole/Richmond-Centre–Marpole	Chak Au Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	39196
Conservative Party	Saskatoon South/Saskatoon-Sud	Kevin Waugh ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	38820
Conservative Party	Bellechasse–Les Etchemins–Lévis	Dominique Vien ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	38453
Conservative Party	Niagara Falls–Niagara-on-the-Lake	Tony Baldinelli ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	38091
Conservative Party	Calgary McKnight	Dalwinder Gill Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	37737
Conservative Party	Northumberland–Clarke	Philip Lawrence ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	37389
Conservative Party	Saskatoon–University	Corey Tochor ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	37048
Conservative Party	Kapuskasing–Timmins–Mushkegowuk	Gaétan Malette Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	36713
Conservative Party	Hamilton East–Stoney Creek/Hamilton-Est–Stoney Creek	Ned Kuruc Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	36383
Conservative Party	Kenora–Kiiwetinoong	Eric Melillo ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	36060
Conservative Party	Cambridge	Connie Cody Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	35742
Conservative Party	Simcoe North/Simcoe-Nord	Adam Chambers ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	35430
Conservative Party	Sudbury East–Manitoulin–Nickel Belt/Sudbury-Est–Manitoulin–Nickel Belt	Jim Belanger Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	35123
Conservative Party	Milton East–Halton Hills South/Milton-Est–Halton Hills-Sud	Parm Gill Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	34822
Conservative Party	Oshawa	Rhonda Kirkland Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	34525
Conservative Party	Miramichi–Grand Lake	Mike Dawson Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	34234
Conservative Party	Terra Nova–The Peninsulas/Terra Nova–Les Péninsules	Jonathan Rowe Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	33948
Conservative Party	Kitchener South–Hespeler/Kitchener-Sud–Hespeler	Matt Strauss Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	33666
Conservative Party	Niagara South/Niagara-Sud	Fred Davies Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	33389
Conservative Party	Cloverdale–Langley City	Tamara Jansen ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	33116
Conservative Party	Lévis–Lotbinière	Jacques Gourde ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	32848
Conservative Party	Acadie–Annapolis	Chris d’Entremont ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	32584
Conservative Party	Kitchener–Conestoga	Doug Treleaven Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	32325
Conservative Party	Kildonan–St. Paul	Raquel Dancho ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	32069
Conservative Party	Pitt Meadows–Maple Ridge	Marc Dalton ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	31818
Conservative Party	Calgary Confederation	Jeremy Nixon Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	31570
Conservative Party	Windsor–Tecumseh–Lakeshore	Kathy Borrelli Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	31326
Conservative Party	Côte-du-Sud-Rivière-du-Loup-Kataskomiq-Témiscouata	Bernard Généreux ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	31086
Conservative Party	Louis-Saint-Laurent–Akiawenhrahk	Gérard Deltell ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	30850
Conservative Party	Sault Ste. Marie–Algoma	Hugh Stevenson Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	30617
Conservative Party	Nipissing–Timiskaming	Garry Keller Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	30388
Conservative Party	Similkameen–South Okanagan–West Kootenay/Similkameen–Okanagan-Sud–Kootenay-Ouest	Helena Konanz Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	30162
Conservative Party	Charlesbourg–Haute-Saint-Charles	Pierre Paul-Hus ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	29939
Conservative Party	Hamilton Mountain	Ken Hewitt Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	29720
Conservative Party	Port Moody–Coquitlam	Paul Lambert Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	29504
Conservative Party	Richmond–Arthabaska	Éric Lefebvre Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	29291
Conservative Party	Montmorency–Charlevoix	Gabriel Hardy Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	29081
Conservative Party	Chicoutimi–Le Fjord	Richard Martel ** Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	28874
Conservative Party	Terrebonne	Adrienne Charles Conservative/Conservateur	no	yes	28670
Bloc Québécois	Abitibi–Témiscamingue	Sébastien Lemire ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	1236349
Bloc Québécois	Joliette–Manawan	Gabriel Ste-Marie ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	412116
Bloc Québécois	Beloeil–Chambly	Yves-François Blanchet ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	247270
Bloc Québécois	Bécancour–Nicolet–Saurel–Alnôbak	Louis Plamondon ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	176621
Bloc Québécois	Montcalm	Luc Thériault ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	137372
Bloc Québécois	Rimouski–La Matapédia	Maxime Blanchette-Joncas ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	112395
Bloc Québécois	Lac-Saint-Jean	Alexis Brunelle-Duceppe ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	95104
Bloc Québécois	Pierre-Boucher–Les Patriotes–Verchères	Xavier Barsalou-Duval ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	82423
Bloc Québécois	Gaspésie–Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine–Listuguj	Alexis Deschênes Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	72726
Bloc Québécois	Laurentides–Labelle	Marie-Hélène Gaudreau ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	65071
Bloc Québécois	Saint-Jean	Christine Normandin ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	58874
Bloc Québécois	Beauharnois–Salaberry–Soulanges–Huntingdon	Claude Debellefeuille ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	53754
Bloc Québécois	Saint-Hyacinthe–Bagot–Acton	Simon-Pierre Savard-Tremblay ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	49454
Bloc Québécois	Rivière-du-Nord	Rhéal Fortin ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	45791
Bloc Québécois	Côte-Nord–Kawawachikamach–Nitassinan	Marilène Gill ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	42633
Bloc Québécois	La Pointe-de-l’Île	Mario Beaulieu ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	39882
Bloc Québécois	Drummond	Martin Champoux ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	37465
Bloc Québécois	Repentigny	Patrick Bonin Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	35324
Bloc Québécois	Shefford	Andréanne Larouche ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	33415
Bloc Québécois	Jonquière	Mario Simard ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	31701
Bloc Québécois	Mirabel	Jean-Denis Garon ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	30155
Bloc Québécois	Longueuil–Saint-Hubert	Denis Trudel ** Bloc Québécois/Bloc Québécois	no	yes	28752
NDP	Edmonton Strathcona	Heather McPherson ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	1234673
NDP	Vancouver East/Vancouver-Est	Jenny Kwan ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	411558
NDP	Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie	Alexandre Boulerice ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	246935
NDP	Courtenay–Alberni	Gord Johns ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	176382
NDP	Winnipeg Centre/Winnipeg-Centre	Leah Gazan ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	137186
NDP	Skeena–Bulkley Valley	Taylor Bachrach ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	112243
NDP	Vancouver Kingsway	Don Davies ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	94975
NDP	Elmwood–Transcona	Leila Dance ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	82312
NDP	Edmonton Griesbach	Blake Desjarlais ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	72628
NDP	North Island–Powell River	Tanille Johnston NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	64983
NDP	Cowichan–Malahat–Langford	Alistair MacGregor ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	58794
NDP	New Westminster–Burnaby–Maillardville	Peter Julian ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	53681
NDP	Hamilton Centre/Hamilton-Centre	Matthew Green ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	49387
NDP	Windsor West/Windsor-Ouest	Brian Masse ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	45729
NDP	London–Fanshawe	Lindsay Mathyssen ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	42575
NDP	Berthier–Maskinongé	Ruth Ellen Brosseau NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	39828
NDP	Esquimalt–Saanich–Sooke	Maja Tait NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	37414
NDP	Nunavut	Lori Idlout ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	35276
NDP	Churchill–Keewatinook Aski	Niki Ashton ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	33370
NDP	Burnaby Central	Jagmeet Singh ** NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	31658
NDP	Edmonton Centre/Edmonton-Centre	Trisha Estabrooks NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	30114
NDP	Beauport–Limoilou	Raymond Côté NDP-New Democratic Party/NPD-Nouveau Parti démocratique	no	yes	28713
Green Party	Saanich–Gulf Islands	Elizabeth May ** Green Party/Parti Vert	no	yes	238892
Green Party	Kitchener Centre/Kitchener-Centre	Mike Morrice ** Green Party/Parti Vert	no	yes	79631
Green Party	Nanaimo–Ladysmith	Paul Manly Green Party/Parti Vert	no	yes	47778
Green Party	Hochelaga–Rosemont-Est	Jacob Pirro Green Party/Parti Vert	no	yes	34127
People’s Party	Québec Centre/Québec-Centre	Daniel Brisson People’s Party – PPC/Parti populaire – PPC	no	yes	136977
People’s Party	Brampton East/Brampton-Est	Jeff Lal People’s Party – PPC/Parti populaire – PPC	no	yes	45659
Independants	Abbotsford–South Langley/Abbotsford–Langley-Sud	Michael de Jong Independent/Indépendant(e)	no	yes	34289

Recalling what the main concerns were with electoral reform:

• Will produce proportional seating allotment.
• Will elect local candidates.
• Will avoid unnecessary complexity.
• Will encourage collaboration in politics.
• Will safeguard public trust with an effective and verifiable process.

This process would produce a proportionate seating allotment, would elect local candidates, avoid unnecessary complexity by allowing people to vote using the ballot they’re already used to, encourage coalition governments to collaborate, and as I’m able to demonstrate in this post, use established and effective counting methods that can be easily verified.

With a shift to approval voting and the highest averages method of counting for open, no-majority seats such as the Sainte-Laguë Method, we can achieve a solution for proportional representation made by Canadians, for Canadians.

Additional Reading

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_averages_method
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_method
• https://election-modelling.ca/2025_modelling/index.html